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Cryogenic photonic resonator with 10−17/s drift

Wei Zhang1,*, William R. Milner2, Jun Ye2, and Scott B. Papp1,3,†

  • *Present address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, USA.
  • †Contact author: scott.papp@nist.gov

Phys. Rev. A 113, L061501 – Published 1 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/5y2f-ts3d

Abstract

Thermal noise is the predominant instability in the provision of ultrastable laser frequency, referencing to an optical cavity. Reducing the thermal-noise limit of a cavity means either making it larger to spread thermal fluctuations, reducing the sensitivity of the cavity to temperature, or lowering the temperature. We report on a compact photonic resonator made of solid fused silica that we cool in a cryogenic environment. We explore a null in the resonator's frequency sensitivity due to the balance of thermal expansion and thermo-optic coefficients at a temperature of 9.5 K, enabling laser stabilization with a long-term frequency drift of 4 mHz/s on the 195 THz carrier. The robustness of fused silica to cryogenics, the capability for photonic design to mitigate thermal noise and drift, and operation at a modest 9.5 K temperature offer unique options for ultrastable laser systems.

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