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    Adaptive random compiler for Hamiltonian simulation

    Yun-Zhuo Fan1, Yu-Xia Wu1, and Dan-Bo Zhang1,2,*

    • 1Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
    • 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China

    • *Contact author: dbzhang@m.scnu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. A 112, 062431 – Published 16 December, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4nmq-twj8

    Abstract

    Randomized compilation protocols have recently attracted attention as alternatives to traditional deterministic Trotter-Suzuki methods, potentially reducing circuit depth and resource overhead. These protocols determine gate-application probabilities based on the strengths of Hamiltonian terms, as measured by the Schatten-∞ norm. However, relying solely on the Schatten-∞ norm to define sampling distributions may not be optimal, especially for continuous-variable and hybrid-variable systems involving unbounded operators, where quantifying Hamiltonian strengths is challenging. In this work, we propose an adaptive randomized compilation algorithm that dynamically updates sampling weights via low-order moment measurements of Hamiltonian terms, assigning higher probabilities to terms with greater uncertainty. This approach improves accuracy without significantly increasing gate counts and extends randomized compilation to continuous-variable and hybrid-variable systems by addressing the difficulties in characterizing the strengths of unbounded Hamiltonian terms. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

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