- Open Access
Resonance laser ionization spectroscopy of stable chromium isotopes
Phys. Rev. A 114, 032811 – Published 8 September, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4kpl-b7cs
Abstract
Resonance laser ionization spectroscopy was conducted on stable chromium isotopes using the RILIS laser ion source and the CRIS experimental apparatus at the ISOLDE/CERN facility. A unique titanium:sapphire laser-based three-step laser ionization scheme was developed to selectively and efficiently ionize and extract the Cr isotopes. Over 350 electronic transitions were observed, including several efficient transitions to autoionizing states. High-resolution spectroscopic measurements were performed with the atomic ground-state transition to characterize the scheme and benchmark the performance of the CRIS setup. The isotope shifts , and were measured, and the hyperfine structure parameter of was extracted. A King plot analysis allowed reevaluation of the field shift and mass shift factors of the transition with improved precision and accuracy. High-resolution measurements agree with the existing literature, supporting the accuracy and the reliability of the method for future studies involving radioactive isotopes.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
Supplemental Material
References (45)
- G. Neyens, Nuclear magnetic and quadrupole moments for nuclear structure research on exotic nuclei, Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 633 (2003).
- X. F. Yang, S. J. Wang, S. G. Wilkins, and R. F. Garcia Ruiz, Laser spectroscopy for the study of exotic nuclei, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 129, 104005 (2023).
- M. Mougeot et al., Precision mass measurements of : Nuclear collectivity towards the island of inversion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 232501 (2018).
- A. Gade et al., In-beam spectroscopy reveals competing nuclear shapes in the rare isotope , Nat. Phys. 21, 37 (2025).
- L. Lalanne et al. (CERN, ISOLDE Collaboration, IS714), as a doorway to the island of inversion, Phys. Rev. C 112, L031301 (2025).
- T. Day Goodacre, K. Chrysalidis, D. V. Fedorov, V. N. Fedosseev, B. A. Marsh, P. L. Molkanov, R. E. Rossel, S. Rothe, and C. Seiffert, The identification of autoionizing states of atomic chromium for the resonance ionization laser ion source of the ISOLDE radioactive ion beam facility, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 129, 58 (2017).
- V. Fedosseev et al., Ion beam production and study of radioactive isotopes with the laser ion source at ISOLDE, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 44, 084006 (2017).
- B. A. Marsh et al., The ISOLDE RILIS pump laser upgrade and the LARIS laboratory, Hyperfine Interact. 196, 129 (2010).
- R. Schulz et al., Two-step laser resonant ionization spectroscopy of neutral chromium, Results Phys. 76, 108368 (2025).
- K. T. Flanagan et al., Collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy of neutron-deficient francium isotopes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 212501 (2013).
- Á. Koszorús et al., A self-correcting qubit, Nat. Phys. 17, 437 (2021).
- R. Catherall et al., The ISOLDE facility, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 44, 094002 (2017).
- E. Mané et al., An ion cooler-buncher for high-sensitivity collinear laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE, Eur. Phys. J. A 42, 503 (2009).
- T. E. Cocolios et al., High-resolution laser spectroscopy with the collinear resonance ionisation spectroscopy (CRIS) experiment at CERN-ISOLDE, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 376, 284 (2016).
- M. Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis et al., Voltage scanning and technical upgrades at the collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 541, 86 (2023).
- F. Köhler, Bachelor thesis, Setup of precision high-voltage dividers and laser beam transport system at ISOLDE, Technical University of Darmstadt, 2022.
- S. Rothe, B. A. Marsh, C. Mattolat, V. N. Fedosseev, and K. Wendt, A complementary laser system for ISOLDE RILIS, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 312, 052020 (2011).
- A. Teigelhöfer, P. Bricault, O. Chachkova, M. Gillner, J. Lassen, J. P. Lavoie, R. Li, J. Meißner, W. Neu, and K. D. A. Wendt, Grating tuned Ti:Sa laser for in-source spectroscopy of Rydberg and autoionizing states, Hyperfine Interact. 196, 161 (2010).
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Atomic spectra database, https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database.
- R. L. Kurucz, Atomic and molecular data, https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/amp/ampdata/kurucz23/sekur.html.
- See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/4kpl-b7cs for the complete list of observed resonances.
- R. Li, J. Lassen, P. Kunz, M. Mostamand, B. B. Reich, A. Teigelhöfer, H. Yan, and F. Ames, Lu and Pr beam development for resonance ionization laser ion sources, Spectrochim. Acta B 158, 105633 (2019).
- M. C. E. Huber, R. J. Sandeman, and E. F. Tubbs, The spectrum of Cr I between 179.8 and 200 nm wavelengths, absorption cross sections, and oscillator strengths, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 342, 431 (1975).
- E. B. Saloman, Energy levels and observed spectral lines of neutral and singly ionized chromium, Cr I and Cr II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 41, 043103 (2012).
- A. Owens, T. Chen, C. Hill, S. Mohr, and J. Tennyson, LiDB: Database of atomic radiative lifetimes for plasma processes, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 330, 109242 (2025).
- T. Day Goodacre et al., Radium ionization scheme development: The first observed autoionizing states and optical pumping effects in the hot cavity environment, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 150, 99 (2018).
- V. Sonnenschein, I. D. Moore, S. Raeder, M. Reponen, H. Tomita, and K. Wendt, Characterization of a pulsed injection-locked Ti:sapphire laser and its application to high resolution resonance ionization spectroscopy of copper, Laser Phys. 27, 085701 (2017).
- W. Gins, B. van den Borne, R. P. de Groote, and G. Neyens, SATLAS2: An update to the package for analysis of counting data, Comput. Phys. Commun. 297, 109053 (2024).
- T. Reinhardt, J. Maichel, M. Baumann, and J. Krüger, Hyperfine structure of the resonance lines and lifetimes of some excited states of the Cr I spectrum, Z. Phys. D 34, 87 (1995).
- A. Jarosz et al., High precision investigations of the hyperfine structure of metastable levels in a chromium atom, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 40, 2785 (2007).
- W. J. Childs, L. S. Goodman, and D. von Ehrenstein, Magnetic hyperfine interaction of , Phys. Rev. 132, 2128 (1963).
- P. A. Zyla et al. (Particle Data Group), Review of particle physics, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2020, 083C01 (2020).
- L. Wallace and K. Hinkle, The 236.6–5400.0 nm spectrum of Cr I, Astrophys. J. 700, 720 (2009).
- J. Sugar and C. Corliss, Energy levels of chromium, Cr I through Cr XXIV, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 6, 317 (1977).
- B. Furmann, A. Jarosz, D. Stefańska, J. Dembczyński, and E. Stachowska, Isotope shift in chromium, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 60, 33 (2005).
- H. Heilig and D. Wendlandt, Isotope shift in Cr I, Phys. Lett. A 25, 277 (1967).
- W. H. King, Isotope Shifts in Atomic Spectra (Springer Science Business Media, New York, 2013).
- G. Fricke, C. Bernhardt, K. Heilig, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, E. B. Shera, and C. W. Dejager, Nuclear ground state charge radii from electromagnetic interactions, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 60, 177 (1995).
- H. De Vries, C. W. De Jager, and C. De Vries, Nuclear charge-density-distribution parameters from elastic electron scattering, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 36, 495 (1987).
- B. Ohayon, Critical evaluation of reference charge radii and applications in mirror nuclei, At. data nucl. data tables, 165, 101732 (2025) .
- M. Gorchtein, Guide to nuclear polarization in muonic atoms, Phys. Rev. C 113, L011301 (2026).
- G. Fricke, Nuclear Charge Radii (Springer, Berlin, 2004).
- J. W. Lightbody Jr. et al., Elastic and inelastic electron scattering from , Phys. Rev. C 27, 113 (1983).
- P. Aufmuth, K. Heilig, and A. Steudel, Changes in mean-square nuclear charge radii from optical isotope shifts, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 37, 455 (1987).
- H. D. Wohlfahrt, E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, Y. Yamazaki, and R. M. Steffen, Nuclear charge distributions in -shell nuclei from muonic x-ray measurements, Phys. Rev. C 23, 533 (1981).