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    Self-bound states in one-dimensional atomic-molecular Bose-Einstein condensates

    Chao Kong1,2, Jinqing Li1,2, Chunfeng Huang1,2, Zhaopin Chen3, Guihua Chen4, Haiming Deng1,2,*, and Boris A. Malomed5,6

    • 1School of Physics and Electronic-Electrical Engineering, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
    • 2Microelectronics and Optoelectronics Technology Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
    • 3Physics Department and Solid-State Institute, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
    • 4Department of Electronic Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
    • 5Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
    • 6Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile

    • *Contact author: woshidenghaiming@126.com

    Phys. Rev. A 114, 053305 – Published 4 November, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3fd5-nkxc

    Abstract

    We explore various self-trapped states, including sharp matter-wave solitons and spatially broad self-bound droplets (SBDs), in an effectively one-dimensional atomic-molecular bosonic-condensate mixture (unlike the well-known mechanism of the formation of quantum droplets in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, in the present system SBDs are produced without the action of the beyond-mean-field effects). The analysis reveals a transition between the solitons and SBDs, passing through a self-bound hybrid state (SBHS). When the intermolecular interaction is switched off, the system exhibits a soliton state with low values of the scaled number of particles (alias the total norm), N. The system transitions to the SBHS as N increases. In the hybrid regime, both the maximum density and spatial size of the state grow with N, while the chemical potential decreases. The SBHS family is described, in an analytical form, by the “cascading-limit approximation,” which is suggested by the similarity to the optical second-harmonic-generating system. A phase diagram in the (g,N) plane is constructed, and the Bogoliubov–de Gennes analysis, together with real-time simulations, confirms the stability of all three types of self-bound states in their respective parameter regimes. Simulations demonstrate that collisions between the bound states are inelastic, featuring fusion or fragmentation, depending on the collision speed.

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