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    Interactions in quantum networks with pulse propagation delays

    Victor Rueskov Christiansen1,* and Klaus Mølmer2,†

    • 1Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
    • 2Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

    • *Contact author: victorrc@phys.au.dk
    • †Contact author: klaus.molmer@nbi.ku.dk

    Phys. Rev. A 113, 013730 – Published 20 January, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3f3w-jmj8

    Abstract

    The finite speed of light of pulses implies propagation delays between the generation of light, the interaction with different elements along its path, and the final detection at the output of networks and interferometers. We show that it is possible to take these delays into account with a theoretical method which evades quantization of the full continuum of field modes. We illustrate the use of this method by analyzing Ramsey excitation of an atom by a split and delayed quantum pulse.

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