Global-scale entanglement distribution has been a formidable challenge due to the unavoidable losses in communication channels. Here we propose a backbone channel for a quantum network based on balloon-based aerial relays. We demonstrate that the atmospheric disturbances in balloon-based channels can be almost eliminated through optimizing beam waist positions and employing a series of adaptive optics systems, which boosts the channel efficiency to –21 dB over a 10 000 km distance, outperforming satellite-based relays by 12 dB with the same device parameters. We then propose a global-scale quantum networking scheme based on hybrid-channel quantum repeaters that combine ground-based quantum repeaters and balloon-based aerial relays. Servers are interconnected globally via a chain of balloons, while multiple clients link to local servers through fiber connections, facilitating rapid client switching and network scalability. Our simulations, employing state-of-the-art ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}\text{:}{\mathrm{Y}}_2{\mathrm{SiO}}_5$ quantum memories and mature entanglement sources based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion, demonstrate an entanglement distribution rate in the subhertz range between clients separated by 10 000 km. This approach offers a practical path toward global quantum networking in the near future.

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• Quantum channels
• Quantum communication
• Quantum memories
• Quantum networks
• Quantum repeaters