Equilibrium, relaxation, and fluctuations in homogeneous Bose-Einstein condensates: Linearized classical field analysis
Phys. Rev. A 112, 033308 – Published 8 September, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2c78-wtqp
Abstract
The theory of open quantum systems is central to describing the dynamics and equilibration of dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). We present an analysis of the linearized stochastic projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation (SPGPE) describing finite-temperature BECs. Our treatment provides an optimal choice for the cutoff that divides the Bose gas into the low-energy coherent region forming a classical wave and the high-energy thermal cloud treated as a reservoir. Moreover, it highlights the relevance of energy damping, the number-conserving scattering between thermal and coherent atoms. We analyze the equilibrium properties and near-equilibrium relaxation of a homogeneous BEC in one, two, and three dimensions at high phase-space density and calculate the autocorrelation function and power spectrum of the density and phase fluctuations. Simulations of the full nonlinear SPGPE are in close agreement and extend our arguments beyond the linear regime. Our work suggests the need for a reexamination of decay processes in BECs studied under the neglect of energy damping.
