Electronic stopping power of protons in the rare-earth lanthanide metal Gd: Contribution from the -electron excitation
Phys. Rev. A 114, 022809 – Published 11 August, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2764-nqhy
Abstract
The electronic stopping power of protons in rare metal Gd is investigated by the ion-electron interaction simulations based on time-dependent density functional theory. We have analyzed the contribution of the inner-shell bound electronic excitation to the electronic stopping power of protons through Gd near the Bragg peak. The result shows that the inner -electron excitation plays a fundamental role in determining the curve trend of stopping vs velocity around and beyond the electronic stopping maximum. Under the condition of off-channeling, the incoming ion closely encounters the host atoms, and the electronic stopping power considering the participation of inner electrons is in good agreement with the experimental data. In addition, it is found that, as more electrons are involved, the peak position of the electronic stopping curve is gradually shifted towards the experimentally measured peak.
