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    Modular quantum extreme reservoir computing

    Hon Wai Lau1, Aoi Hayashi2,1,3, Akitada Sakurai1, William John Munro1, and Kae Nemoto1,3

    Phys. Rev. A 113, 012429 – Published 20 January, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/111d-yxg8

    Abstract

    Quantum reservoir computing employs fixed quantum dynamics as a feature map for machine learning. Integrating multiple quantum reservoirs, however, raises a key question: how few intermodule connections are sufficient to match the performance of a single reservoir? To address this, we explicitly separate intramodule dynamics from intermodule couplings and systematically examine different connectivity schemes. We find that even a small number of well-placed connections between two modules can match single-reservoir accuracy, with simple one-to-one connections proving highly effective. Performance generally improves with increasing intermodule entanglement, and these correlations persist for both ZZ-coupled and random modular reservoirs. Extensions to three modules and evaluations across multiple datasets (MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, CIFAR-10) suggest that the modular architecture can be applied to diverse reservoir types and image-classification datasets. These results motivate modular quantum reservoir designs that align naturally with realistic hardware, such as two-dimensional quantum-chip layouts or networks of small integrated quantum systems.

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