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    Supersymmetric Landau Levels in Subwavelength Type-I Dirac Metasurfaces

    Yi Yuan1,*, Yikai Xu2,*, Liang Zhao2, Qiong He2,3, Shulin Sun1,3,4,†, Shaojie Ma1,3,‡, and Lei Zhou2,3,§

    • 1Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Ultra Precision Optical Manufacturing, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, College of Future Information Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
    • 2State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
    • 3Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Shanghai 200433, China
    • 4Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000 Zhejiang, China

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: sls@fudan.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: shaojiema@fudan.edu.cn
    • §Contact author: phzhou@fudan.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 023802 – Published 15 January, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/k8br-gsfg

    Abstract

    Dirac points, arising from intrinsic space-group symmetry in hexagonal lattices, have been extensively explored in graphene and photonic crystals. However, their characteristic scales, confined either to atomic level (∼Å) or limited by the operational wavelength (∼λ), pose fundamental challenges for precisely engineering their topological properties and thus freely controlling the wave-transport behaviors in such systems. Here, beyond the conventional lattice-dependent paradigm, we demonstrate a type-I photonic Dirac point in the surface modes of an electromagnetic metasurface. This realization, governed by the intrinsic properties of constitutional units rather than the global crystalline symmetry, enables us to control Dirac physics in deep-subwavelength scales. Owing to the vanishing density of states at the type-I Dirac degeneracy, by strategically integrating inhomogeneous local symmetry breaking as an artificial gauge field, we experimentally observe supersymmetric Landau levels and chiral zero modes with deep-subwavelength precision in the microwave regime. Such a platform offers a branch-new approach to freely control surface waves through precisely engineering the spatial distribution of the gauge field imposed, with bending, focusing, and spreading of surface waves experimentally demonstrated. By harnessing the mode-tuning flexibility of metasurfaces, our Letter establishes a versatile platform for topology-driven optical manipulation.

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